Given the national scope of the ammonium nitrate market, the federal dimensions of terrorist bombing incidents, and the u. Download ammonium nitrate explosives for civil applications pdf epub, mobi ebooks without registration on our website. Download pdf ammonium nitrate explosives for civil. Ammonium nitrate is not flammable under normal applications and is not considered a fire risk, but will support combustion in an existing fire by liberating oxygen even if smothered. Thats because ammonium nitrate, a chemical commonly used in agricultural fertilizers, is a highly explosive compound, as shown by the massive fireball at a fertilizer plant in the town of west. It appears your web browser is not configured to display pdf files. Pure ammonium nitrate does not burn under normal conditions and has. New ammonium nitrate, bombmaking manuals distributed online. Growing agriculture industry owing to the development of agriculturebased countries coupled with increasing demand for mining. Analysis and trends can be used as a main charge but requires booster for detonation terrorists use al powder in main charges to increase heat output serves to prolong the high pressure of an explosion.
An ideal rocket propellant burns all of the reactants very quickly and at high temperatures 1500 3500 kelvin, releasing a lot of energy in a very short amount of time. The application of ammonium nitrate in the production of industrial explosives was related with the early era. This damn thing seriously hurt my ears and i felt a huge shockwave on my chest haha it was insane. Solid ammonium nitrate may be produced in the form of prills, grains. In the damp winter it picked up moisture, compacted, caked and hardened. Explosion hazards of ammonium nitrate under fire exposure by r. Liquid ammonium nitrate may be concentrated to form an ammonium nitrate melt for use in solids formation processes.
Pdf ammonium nitrate explosion hazards researchgate. Normally, i recommend trial and error as a development methodology in a case like this, but heres a tip. You can make ammonium nitrate by reacting nitric acid with ammonia, but if you dont have access to nitric acid or dont want to mess with it, you can make ammonium nitrate from readily available home chemicals. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it. Ammonium nitrate simple english wikipedia, the free. Initial stage of the explosion of ammonium nitrate and its powder. Keep in mind, though, that you can buy ammonium nitrate as a pure chemical. Fertilizer placement and uptake of nutrients omnia.
North west business unit plants react not only to the amount of fertilizer applied, but also to the type of fertilizer, time of application as well as how the fertilizer is applied. Ammonium nitrate explosives for civil applications. Forshey5 abstract an attempt has been made in this investigation to define the conditions. Potential of common explosive chemicals for use in large bombs. You can buy ammonium nitrate as a pure chemical or you can collect it from instant cold packs or some fertilizers. Borealis agrolinz melamine produces pure, prilled ammonium nitrate without anticaking agent. For this technique, youll need a cold pack, a piece of old newspaper containing numerous sheets or pages, and a bucket. Ammonium nitratebased blasting agents are nonideal explosivesthat is, they release. Optimization of an ammonium nitrate based solid rocket. Explosives made of ammonium nitrate, a common form of nitrogen fertilizer, are widely used in industry and have largely replaced dynamite in the blasting of. Ammonium nitrate, urea nitrate, polyurethane binder, homemade explosives. Even if you are careful, ammonium nitrate is an accident waiting to happen. The secretary shall regulate the sale and transfer of ammonium nitrate by an ammonium nitrate facility in accordance with this part to prevent the misappropriation or use of ammonium nitrate in an act of terrorism. On april 19, 1995 mcveigh parked the van filled with ammonium nitrate, and the other necessary materials to make a bomb, in front of the building where the aft offices were located.
Liquid ammonium nitrate nh4no3 hot concentrated solution ammonium nitrate solution is the primary oxidizer used in the manufacture of bulk and packaged emulsion explosives. The easiest way to make ammonium nitrate is simply by reacting nitric acid. How to develop an extremely lethal bomb using ammonium. Large stockpiles of the material can be a major fire risk due to their supporting oxidation, and may also detonate, as happened in the texas city disaster of 1947, which led to major changes in the regulations for.
The explosive properties of an are relatively low, but its mixtures with many fuels are typical. Liquid ammonium nitrate may be sold as a fertilizer, generally in combination with urea. Ammonium nitrate, granular fertilizer grade 3400 3400 ammonium nitrate fertilizer ammonium nitrate. It is for this reason that fires involving ammonium nitrate cannot be extinguished by the prevention or air ingress for example. Homemade explosives based in ammonium and urea nitrates core. Two previous accidents are believed to be caused by the. There is an obvious contradiction between the statistics of the devastating explosions that take place with the participation of ammonium nitrate and explosive properties of this material determined in standard tests. The energy of the detonation wave causes the ammonium nitrate in the fertilizer to vaporize the solid fertilizer becomes a gas in an instant.
The anfo car bomb was adopted by the provisional ira in 1972 and, by 1973, the troubles were consuming 47,000 lb of ammonium nitrate for the majority of bombs. It is used as a fertilizer, as a freezing mixture, in safety explosives, matches, and. Ammonium nitrate market in high density segment to grow at 4. Steam plume electrified the ground by contact with power lines. Electrified ground detonates dormant bomb resulting in the secondary explosion of the ammonium nitrate reject tank. It is predominantly used in agriculture as a highnitrogen fertilizer. Pdf detonation performance of aluminumammonium nitrate. During a raid on a residence linked to the suspects, officials found. The annual average number of people killed or injured by ammonium nitrate fertilizer bombs the plants have a decided odor caused by gland hairs on the stems and leaves which give off a strongscented oil and stain when broken. The dispersal effects of a dirty bomb depend on the amount of explosives used, the. The webs largest and most authoritative acronyms and abbreviations resource. Do not run pumps with the discharge or suction valves closed. The purpose of this research is to optimize an ammonium nitrate based solid rocket propellant with a goal of future use as a suborbital rocket propellant. Such regulations shall be carried out by the cybersecurity and infrastructure security agency.
You combine ammonia and nitric acid, and youre done. On the other hand, reports on explosion of ammonium nitrate solutions are rather scarce, the most detailed studies being those associated with the port neal, iowa accident shockey et al. Smith, evan rogers, ming yu chemistry department, university of rhode island, kingston, ri 02881, usa. From the safety point of view explosive properties of an are a disadvantage. In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. The ammonium part sticks around longer without evaporating, so its great for hot summer fields, and the nitrate is easily used by plants.
Buy products related to ammonium nitrate fertilizer products and see what customers say about ammonium nitrate fertilizer products on free delivery possible on eligible purchases. Explosives that use ammonium nitrate and a fuel are mostly referred to as anfo explosives, you might find more detailled information by using that term most explosives used in military especially bombs are based on tnt, mostly in the form of tritonal, a mixture of tnt and aluminium powder. Agricultural use since plant roots do not directly absorb the urea form of n to a large extent, ammonium nitrate is an. Instant access to millions of titles from our library and its free to try. I know its probably a stupid question,is it any safe to grind ammonium nitrate on a coffee grinder. Ammonium nitrate is a common fertilizer in europe, ammonium being less soluble and considered slower acting than nitrate. In the 1920s, the ammonium nitrate manufactured at the birthplace of the haberbosch process the ammonia works in oppau in germany was stored in a warehouse. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Ammonium nitrate fertilizer placement and uptake of nutrients. Ammonium nitrate is the ammonium salt of nitric acid. It has the chemical formula n h 4 n o 3, simplified to n 2 h 4 o 3. Li kwaiwah, senior superintendent of the organized crime and triad bureau of the hong kong police force, said the homemade bomb was found at a mens room of the school, along with remote control devices, a pressure cooker and four kgs of ammonium nitrate explosives after the police received a report at noon.
Initial stage of the explosion of ammonium nitrate and its. Find out what is the most common shorthand of ammonium nitrate on. Introduction to explosives for official use only anal ammonium nitrate and aluminum powder. The brussels attackers used ammonium nitrate bombs, two sources tell nbc news. When it is heated gently, it turns into water and nitrous oxide. I am attaching ammonium nitrate rules 2012 notified on 11. Generally, only outdated bombs use anfo explosives due to their low price. Ammonium nitrate nh4no3 or h4n2o3 cid 22985 structure, chemical names. Ammonium nitrate is sometimes enhanced with limestone to produce calcium ammonium nitrate can, which provides additional calcium and magnesium to the crop and reduces the need for lime to compensate for soil acidification. Hk police seize homemade bomb, dangerous chemicals hong. Even more compelling in the agricultural industry, its inexpensive to manufacture. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Ammonium nitrate rules 2012 notified pdf download citehr.
It has a role as a fertilizer, an explosive and an oxidising agent. If you followed the tutorial on how to make a smoke bomb. Ppt ammonium nitrate powerpoint presentation free to. New ammonium nitrate, bombmaking manuals distributed. Avoid containers, piping, or fittings made of brass, bronze or other copper containing alloys or galvanized metals.
These high quality products holds various applications as a raw material in industry. Material safety data sheet nfpa classification protective clothing product name trade name synonym chemical name chemical formula chemical family material uses msds number. The dangers due to the presence of inflammable gas and dust in the working atmosphere have led to the development of a special class of explosives for use in. Guidance for compatibility of fertilizer blending materials pdf. What causes fertilizer explosions ammonium nitrate. Fertilizer bomb pdf phosphate rock phosphate sand and phosphate powder. Remember to exercise caution throughout this process.
This page was last edited on 30 january 2019, at 18. After you are finished putting the smoke bomb together, wash your hands with soap thoroughly and consider taking a shower to be safe if any gets on the rest of your skin. Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound, the nitrate salt of the ammonium cation. Detonation properties of mixtures of ammonium nitrate. To mitigate the risk of producers, therefore need attention of stakeholders on how vital is for the countrys economy. Pure ammonium nitrate does not burn under normal conditions and has a very low sensitivity to conventional mechanical and thermal stimuli. The bomb was improvised from ammonium nitrate fertilizer and nitromethane, which were put into the back of the truck and left to explode. Central european journal of energetic materials, 2008, 51.
In 1994 mcveigh and his partners purchased 5,000 pounds of ammonium nitrate fertilizer to illegally create a bomb constructed in a rented van. Residual ammonium nitrate may explode under conditions of confinement and high temperature. Ammonium nitrate and aluminum sulfate bomb youtube. The ulster volunteer force uvf also made use of anfo bombs, often mixing in gelignite as a booster. Ammonium nitrate and its starring role in fertilizer. Its other major use is as a component of explosive mixtures used in mining, quarrying, and civil construction. Detonation performance of aluminium ammonium nitrate explosives. A video demonstration of how to make smoke bombs out of newspapers and the ammonium nitrate in cold packs can be found here. All the tested explosives produce more energy during detonation in. Supreme courts broad interpretation of the commerce clause, there is a strong likelihood that regulations controlling the distribution and sale of packaged ammonium nitrate or other common explosive chemicals would. Pdf ammonium nitrate an primarily is used as a fertilizer but it is also very important compound in the. Explosion of ammonium nitrate solutions, two case studies. The procedure of formulating a smoke bomb using ammonium nitrate as the chief ingredient is engrossing as well.
You can make ammonium nitrate from common household chemicals. Detonation performance of aluminumammonium nitrate explosives. It is a white crystalline solid and is highly soluble in water. When heated, ammonium nitrate decomposes nonexplosively into gases including oxygen. If you want to continue this discussion or have a follow up question, please post it. Incidents of solid ammonium nitrate explosion have been extensively discussed in the safety literature dechy et al. Ammonium nitrate is marketed in several forms, depending upon its use. Ammonium nitratebased explosives were used in the sterling hall bombing in madison, wisconsin. How to make ammonium nitrate from household chemicals. Water heater placed on top shoots 300ft in the air like a rocket. A dirty bomb can be made from traditional dynamite, trinitrotoluene tnt, ammonium nitrate, or a variety of other explosive materials.
715 1381 581 205 331 133 454 930 1149 463 1172 707 1482 365 1243 1020 704 706 785 987 896 535 529 724 118 498 1171 202 662 1283 680 1069 594 755 1292 244 781 1260 372 526 472 318 25